Principle of locality

In physics, the principle of locality states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings. A theory that includes the principle of locality is said to be a "local theory". This is an alternative to the concept of instantaneous, or "non-local" action at a distance. Locality evolved out of the field theories of classical physics. The idea is that for a cause at one point to have an effect at another point, something in the space between those points must mediate the action. To exert an influence, something, such as a wave or particle, must travel through the space between the two points, carrying the influence.

The special theory of relativity limits the maximum speed at which causal influence can travel to the speed of light, ${\displaystyle c}$. Therefore, the principle of locality implies that an event at one point cannot cause a truly simultaneous result at another point. An event at point ${\displaystyle A}$ cannot cause a result at point ${\displaystyle B}$ in a time less than ${\displaystyle T=D/c}$, where ${\displaystyle D}$ is the distance between the points and ${\displaystyle c}$ is the speed of light in vacuum.

The principle of locality plays a critical role in one of the central results of quantum mechanics. In 1935 Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, with their EPR paradox thought experiment, raised the possibility that quantum mechanics might not be a complete theory. They described two systems physically separated after interacting; this pair would be called entangled in modern terminology. They reasoned that without additions, now called hidden variables, quantum mechanics would predict illogical relationships between the physically separated measurements.

In 1964 John Stewart Bell formulated Bell's theorem, an inequality which, if violated in actual experiments, implies that quantum mechanics violates local causality (referred to as local realism in later work), a result now considered equivalent to precluding local hidden variables. Progressive variations on those Bell test experiments have since shown that quantum mechanics broadly violates Bell's inequalities. According to some interpretations of quantum mechanics, this result implies that some quantum effects violate the principle of locality.